Field of project management and how it relates to the Project Research Paper

Field of task the board and how it identifies with the Project Management Maturity Model - Research Paper Example Commonly, as it has consistently been the standard, venture the executives works effectively when the heading and the extent of the undertaking is very much portrayed and comprehended. Furthermore, the procedure of task the executives works adequately when all the partners arrive at a shared accord on parts of objectivity and desires. Similarly significant in venture the board is the requirement for an intensive comprehension and appraisal of the dangers in question. All these benchmarking highlights in venture the executives become reachable when the likelihood of progress is thought to be similarly high. In any case, various organizations no longer adjust themselves towards the above expressed rules during the time spent undertaking the executives. These days, various organizations are embraced various methodologies towards the undertaking the executives. Numerous reasons can be credited to the move from customary venture the board draws near. One reason in this change in outlook i s that an ever increasing number of activities are getting exceptionally unpredictable and consequently require specialized abilities so as to make progress. ... The increasing costs, worldwide monetary variations and rivalry inside the market players keep on driving numerous organizations to face more challenges. Changes in venture the board have experienced huge achievements with respect to the whole practices as more enterprises grasp the workmanship. Notwithstanding, a prominent perception is that these organizations share comparative achievements with different organizations during the benchmarking exercises. One of fascinating territories with regards to extend the executives is the task the board development model, which is a crucial segment in vital arranging (Kerzner 45). Venture the executives development model truncated as PMMM, can be clarified as the establishment in accomplishing greatness in venture the board. Undertaking the board development model is a principal part of vital arranging that is critical in accomplishing qualification in any association. By consolidating key arranging in the undertaking the executives developme nt model, associations are in a situation to abbreviate the time periods of the whole venture the board. Vital arranging in venture the board is very divergent from different variations of vital arranging. This is on the grounds that it is a movement that is performed at the center degree of the board instead of the official administration. The official administration just becomes an integral factor in a strong job and furthermore in the arrangement of assets. The official administration guarantees that all the suggestions made by center level administration do no bring about superfluous changes to the corporate culture (Kerzner 928). Numerous associations are slanted in performing key anticipating new administrations and items by spreading out an all around thought plan before execution. In venture the executives, key

Many saw the wall street crash as a disaster, with 6 million unemployed by 1933 Free Essays

Many saw the divider road crash as a debacle, with 6 million jobless by 1933. Regardless of this Hitler and his Nazi gathering considered this to be a chance to pick up help. They accepted that on the off chance that they could explain the issue with joblessness they could win the votes and secure their place at the top in the Reichstag. We will compose a custom article test on Many saw the divider road crash as a debacle, with 6 million jobless by 1933 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The main inquiry was, could Hitler accomplish this? Adolf set about giving occupation creation plans which would have a thump on impact. He did this by spending government cash on open undertakings. Hitler realized that in the event that he gave Germany autobahns and so forth he would require laborers to build such turns of events, they would require supplies thus the ‘domino effect’ went on. The program had such a positive criticism, that before the finish of 1933 the Nazis had taken care of 5,000 million Reich stamps legitimately into development. Thousands that were once without work were currently utilized and the economy started to get, if individuals had cash they were bound to purchase purchaser things. To target people groups newly discovered salary Hitler decreased engine vehicle expense to empower interest in the car, along these lines boosting vehicle creation which multiplied from 1932-33. When a work power had been collected the Nazis needed association. Millions wound up in the RAD (Reich Labor Service) and were given something to do. By 1935 it become mandatory for the two ladies and men matured 18-25 to accomplish a half year work in the RAD an incredibly all around trained workforce. In an expansion to this The German Labor Front was set up to supplant the facilitated commerce associations prohibited beforehand in 1933. The compensation and working occasions were directed and contrasted with numerous occupations laborers did a great deal of work for a limited quantity of pay. Regardless of this there was no option aside from a destitution that no one needed to suffer by and by, so on went Hitler’s firm hang on those that worked inside the association. To forestall any flare-ups of dissent or a revolt, Adolf made two associations to help bolster the laborers, to support temperament and efficiency. The first of these was the ‘Beauty Of Labour’ which planned to improve conditions at work, the hypothesis was that if the work environment was a wonderful spot, the representatives would wouldn't fret buckling down. The subsequent activity was called ‘Strength through Joy’ a prize plan that gave modest occasions and relaxation offices to remunerate those that earned it. The most well known offer was a where laborers could take care of somewhat each time they got wages to purchase a vehicle. Regardless of the honesty behind such a thought, no one at any point got a vehicle. The cash was infact taken care of into the Re-deadly implement of Germany. A significant number of the sorted out remunerations that were offered to utilized Germans had the vile plan to re arm the nation for war. At the point when the Nazis were chosen into power Germany had no aviation based armed forces, tanks or essential military hardware. Subtly the Military enlistment had a register of 2800 organizations with whom they put orders with. Once more occupations were created from an abrupt flood of solicitations of segments for war. In 1935 72,000 specialists were utilized in air make creation more as paired to the pitiful 4000 that were in work in 1933. Gradually Hitler gradually started to assemble warriors by presenting induction for guys somewhere in the range of 18 and 25 and by 1939 there were more than 1. 4 million men in the military. Step by step instructions to refer to Many saw the divider road crash as a fiasco, with 6 million jobless by 1933, Papers

Entrance Essay Samples

Entrance Essay SamplesThe entrance essay sample is one of the first things that students have to choose from when looking for that big test or the best college or university to attend. A great deal of effort is put into finding the perfect test or essay based on that of the average person.There are many different types of essay samples and some can be designed for you specifically. This will depend on the school that you are attending, but it is important to note that there are hundreds, if not thousands, of entrance essays that are available.You may need to know the exact format for your specific college or university. As long as the essay is brief and gives your personality or point of view, there are numerous sample materials to choose from. These can range from writing samples, essays on technology, life stories, and even surveys.When you are looking at these samples, it is important to make sure they do not contain material that has already been used by someone else. If you are taking a test, don't be afraid to plagiarize. There is no harm in copying the rules, format, and format of the essay.However, if you are looking for sample essays written by other students, you should not use this method. Some colleges and universities will not allow this. This is because you are copying someone else's work and you are breaking the rules.Most entrance essay samples contain basic information about the school, such as the name of the university, the main campus, and anything else that is helpful. They should also include information on how to find them, what they are, how to send them, and where to send them.You should look for sample essays that have nothing left out. As much as possible, you should look for examples that have questions and answers and that use various styles. This is important, especially if you are trying to get your essay taken seriously.By looking through entrance essay samples and reading other people's work, you will see what works and what doe s not. This can help you write the perfect entrance essay and become a better writer.

Can Businesses Continue to Ignore Corporate Social Responsibility in the Face of Economic Crisis Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Everyone desires to belong; businesses are not left out in such desires. Any business will wish to be recognized as a good ambassador for their countries of origin, their brands and even to present the best image possible to their consumers. This enhances the survival of the business in the face of adversities (Jenkins 2005, p. 525-540). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) also entails continuing voluntary commitment by business and even businesspeople to behave ethically. This then would mean investing in the people and community so as to enhance their quality of life. When people are financially empowered, they are able to spend on goods and services. As such, they increase the size of the market for the business to serve (Shaw 2009, p. 565-576). Looking at Corporate Social Responsibility as an instrument for value creation would mean that CSR should be employed as a way of enhancing innovation and promoting the sustainable business model. This has a far-reaching fundamental, st rategic and operational impact in the sense that it will enhance shared values between the business and the community. This will then ensure competitiveness and foster innovation as the community knows and appreciates what the business does. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Businesses Continue to Ignore Corporate Social Responsibility in the Face of Economic Crisis or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Instead of expecting the business to close down due to the economic crisis, the available human capital will provide the necessary innovations and develop ideas that would ensure the business remains afloat in such times (Kreng May-Yao 2011, p. 529-541).

Wimax Technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4894 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? WIMAX TECHNOLOGY FOR TELE COMMUNICATION OVERVIEW: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40  Mbit/s with the IEEE 802. 16m update expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX[3] as a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. pic] WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and wireless modem on top [pic] A pre-WiMAX CPE of a 26  km (16 mi) connection mounted 13  metres (43 ft) above the ground (2004, Lithuania). WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802. 16 wireless-networks standard (ratified by the WiMAX Forum), in similarity with Wi-Fi, which refers to inter operable implementations of the IEEE 802. 11 Wireless LAN standard (ratified by the Wi-Fi Alliance). The WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell their equipment as WiMAX (Fixed or Mobile) certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The IEEE 802. 16 standard forms the basis of WiMAX and is sometimes referred to colloquially as WiMAX, Fixed WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX, 802. 16d and 802. 16e. [5] Clarification of the formal names are as follow: †¢ 802. 16-2004 is also known as 802. 16d, which refers to the working party that has developed that standard. It is sometimes referred to as Fixed WiMAX, since it has no support for mobility. †¢ 802. 16e-2005, often abbreviated to 802. 16e, is an amendment to 802. 16-2004. It introduced support for mobility, among other things and is therefore also known as Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX is the WiMAX incarnation that has the most commercial interest to da te and is being actively deployed in many countries. Mobile WiMAX is also the basis of future revisions of WiMAX. As such, references to and comparisons with WiMAX in this Wikipedia article mean Mobile WiMAX. Uses The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: †¢ Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. †¢ Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access. †¢ Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play). †¢ Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. Broadband Companies are deploying WiMAX to provide mobile broadband or at-home broadband connectivity across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access to broadband through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator. Additional ly, given the relatively low cost to deploy a WiMAX network (in comparison to GSM, DSL or Fiber-Optic), it is now possible to provide broadband in places where it may have not been economically viable. Backhaul WiMAX is a possible replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations. [6][7] In North America, backhaul for urban cellular operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line T1 connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In most other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network, in which case T1 lines may be used. ) WiMAX is a broadband platform and as such has muc h more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Therefore, traditional copper wire line backhaul solutions are not appropriate. Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded. [8] Capacities of between 34  Mbit/s and 1  Gbit/s[citation needed] are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1  ms. In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient. Triple-play WiMAX supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as Quality of Service and Multicasting). As a result, it is possible for a WiMAX operator to not only provide high-speed broadband internet access, but also VoIP and IPTV services to customers with relative ease. This enables a WiMAX service to be a replacement for DSL, Cable and Telephony services. On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120  MHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name Clear. The new company hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple-play services. Some analysts have questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed-mobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable and DSL, inspiring compet itors into collaboration. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase. Rapid deployment †¢ WiMAX access was used to assist with communicationsin Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami in December 2004. All communication infrastructure in the area, other than amateur radio, was destroyed making the survivors unable to communicate with people outside the disaster area and vice versa. WiMAX provided broadband access that helped regenerate communication to and from AcehWiMAX hardware was donated by Intel Corporation to assist the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and FEMA in their communications efforts in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. [9] In practice, volunteers used mainly self-healing mesh, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and a satellite uplink combined with Wi-Fi on the local link. Conn ecting to WiMAX [pic] A WiMAX Gateway which provides VoIP, Ethernet and WiFi connectivity [pic] A WiMAX USB modem for mobile internet There are numerous devices on the market that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network. These are known as the subscriber unit (SU). There is an increasing focus on portable units. This includes handsets (similar to cellular smartphones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. It is notable that WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to 3G cellular technologies. The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile internet devices), and other private labeled devices. WiMAX Gateways WiMAX gateway devices are avai lable as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers. Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as ZyXEL, Motorola, and Greenpacket are stand-alone self-install indoor units. Such devices typically sit near the customers window with the best WiMAX signal, and provide: †¢ An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home or business. †¢ Ethernet ports should you wish to connect directly to your computer or DVR instead. †¢ One or two PSTN telephone jacks to connect your land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP. Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally-installed external units. Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit. WiMAX Dongles There are a variety of USB dongles on the market which provide connectivity to a WiMAX network. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or netbook whilst on the go. Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennae which are of lower-gain compared to other devices, as such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage. WiMAX Mobiles HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on Nov 12th 2008. [11] The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network. HTC released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device made available on June 4, 2010 is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(4G) as well as simultaneous data voice sessions. The device also has a front-facing camera enabling the use of video conv ersations. A number of WiMAX Mobiles are expected to hit the US market in 2010. [14] Technical information [pic] Illustration of a WiMAX MIMO board WiMAX and the IEEE 802. 16 Standard The current WiMAX revision is based upon IEEE Std 802. 16e-2005,[15] approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802. 16-2004,[16] and so the actual standard is 802. 6-2004 as amended by 802. 16e-2005. Thus, these specifications need to be considered together. IEEE 802. 16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802. 16-2004 by: †¢ Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important aspects of 802. 16e-2005, and is the very basis of Mobile WiMAX. †¢ Scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1. 25  MHz, 5  MHz, 10  MHz or 20  MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a higher spectrum efficiency i n wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. Also known as Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1. 25  MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. †¢ Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ) †¢ Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and MIMO technology Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration †¢ Introducing Turbo Coding and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) †¢ Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice versa †¢ Adding an extra QoS class for VoIP applications. SOFDMA (used in 802. 16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802. 16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e. g. , Fixed WiMAX to Mobile WiMAX). Physical layer The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802. 6) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66  GHz range. 802. 16a, updated in 2004 to 802. 16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11  GHz range. 802. 16-2004 was updated by 802. 16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (SOFDMA) as opposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802. 16d. More advanced versions, including 802. 16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO (See WiMAX MIMO). This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. MAC (data link) layer The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network. After network entry is allowed, the subscriber sta tion is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of service (QoS) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber stations. Deployment As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have a high signal strength and a high carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital sig nal processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed. Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client were closer to the base station. The clients MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practica l deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network. The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth. ) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames. As a result the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality. Integration with an IP-based network [pic] The WiMAX Forum WiMAX Architecture The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected with an IP based core network, which is typically chosen by operators that se rve as Internet Service Providers (ISP); Nevertheless the WiMAX BS provide seamless integration capabilities with other types of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Networks. The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of components, plus some of the interconnections (or reference points) between these, labeled R1 to R5 and R8: †¢ SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station †¢ ASN: the Access Service Network[17] †¢ BS: Base station, part of the ASN †¢ ASN-GW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN †¢ CSN: the Connectivity Service Network †¢ HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN †¢ AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting Server, part of the CSN †¢ NAP: a Network Access Provider †¢ NSP: a Network Service Provider It is important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware configurations rather than fixed configurations. For example, the architecture is flexible enough to allow remote/mobile sta tions of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying size e. g. femto, pico, and mini BS as well as macros. Spectrum allocation There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, however the WiMAX Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2. 3  GHz, 2. 5  GHz and 3. 5  GHz, in an effort to drive standardisation and decrease cost. In the USA, the biggest segment available is around 2. 5  GHz,[18] and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2. 3  GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2. 5  GHz, 3. 3  GHz and other frequencies. Pakistans Wateen Telecom uses 3. 5  GHz. Analog TV bands (700  MHz) may become available for WiMAX usage, but await the complete roll out of digital TV, and there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. In the USA th e FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT. [19] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500–800  MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX. [20] WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter-operating products. The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3. 5  MHz, 5  MHz, 7  MHz and 10  MHz. The mobile profiles are 5  MHz, 8. 75  MHz and 10  MHz. (Note: the 802. 16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles. ) Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. 21] This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2. 5-2. 69  GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000. Spectral efficiency One of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. For example, 802. 16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3. 7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3. 5–4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. This multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment topologies. The direct use of frequency domain organization simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS compared to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more effective systems. Inherent Limit ations A commonly-held misconception is that WiMAX will deliver 70  Mbit/s over 50 kilometers. Like all wireless technologies, WiMAX can either operate at higher bitrates or over longer distances but not both: operating at the maximum range of 50  km (31 miles) increases bit error rate and thus results in a much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to under 1  km) allows a device to operate at higher bitrates. A recent city-wide deployment of WiMAX in Perth, Australia, has demonstrated that customers at the cell-edge with an indoor CPE typically obtain speeds of around 1–4  Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell tower obtaining speeds of up to 30  Mbit/s Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. However, with adequate capacity planning and the use of WiMAXs Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed throughput for e ach subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4-8  Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required. Silicon implementations A critical requirement for the success of a new technology is the availability of low-cost chipsets and silicon implementations. WiMAX has a strong silicon ecosystem with a number of specialized companies producing baseband ICs and integrated RFICs for implementing full-featured WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2. 3, 2. 5 and 3. 5Ghz band (refer to Spectrum allocation above). It is notable that most of the major semiconductor companies have not developed WiMAX chipsets of their own and have instead chosen to invest in and/or utilise the well developed products from smaller specialists or start-up suppliers. These companies include but not limited to Beceem, Sequans and PicoChip. The chipsets from these companies are used in the maj ority of WiMAX devices. Intel Corporation is a leader in promoting WiMAX, but has limited its WiMAX chipset development and instead chosen to invest in these specialized companies producing silicon compatible with the various WiMAX deployments throughout the globe. Comparison with Wi-Fi Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. †¢ WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet. †¢ Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a local network. Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices. †¢ Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Controls CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC. †¢ WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (QoS) mechanisms: o WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on conn ections between the base station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms. o Wi-Fi uses contention access all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the APs attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. †¢ Both 802. 11 and 802. 16 define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or base station. However, 802. 11 supports also direct ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end user devices without an access point while 802. 16 end user devices must be in range of the base station. Wi-Fi and WiMAX are complementary. WiMAX network operators typically provide a WiMAX Subscriber Unit which connects to the metropolitan WiMAX network and provid es Wi-Fi within the home or business for local devices (e. g. , Laptops, Wi-Fi Handsets, smartphones) for connectivity. This enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area (such as a window), and still be able to use the WiMAX network from any place within their residence. Conformance testing TTCN-3 test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX implementations. The WiMAX test suite is being developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252). [22] The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible products and services. [23] A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products. [24] Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the WiMAX Forum Certified designation, and can display this mark on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is WiMAX-ready, WiMAX-com pliant, or pre-WiMAX, if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified. Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to do so, it has a certified training program that is currently offered in English and French. It also offers a series of member events and endorses some industry events. WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance [pic] WiSOA logo WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focussed on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2. 3–2. 5  GHz and the 3. 4–3. 5  GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008. Competing technologies [pic] Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM Within the marketplace, WiMAXs main competition comes from existing, widely deployed wireless systems such as UMTS, CDMA2000, existing Wi-Fi and mesh netw orking. In the future, competition will be from the evolution of the major cellular standards to so-called 4G, high-bandwidth, low-latency, all-IP networks with voice services built on top. The worldwide move to 4G for GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution effort. However, it has been noted that the likely performance difference between WiMAX as it stands today and LTE when it is eventually commercially available in 2–3 years time, will be negligible. [citation needed] LTE is expected to be ratified at the end of 2010, with commercial implementations becoming viable within the next two years.. End of 2009 TeliaSonera started commercial deployment in Oslo and Stockholm, In Denmark the 3 big telecoms are upgrading their network, and will make LTE available during 2010. In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the EU-wide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked. Harmonization Early WirelessMAN standards, the European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro have been harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX. Comparison The following table should be treated with caution because it only shows peak rates which are potentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical channel size (i. e. , spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net through-put capabilities of the different wireless technologies listed below. v  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  d  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  e Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods | |Standard[pic] |Family[pic] |Primary Use[pic] |Radio Tech[pic] |Downlink |Uplink |Notes[pic] | | | | | |(Mbit/s)[pic|(Mbit/s)[pic| | | | | | |] |] | | |LTE |UMTS/4GSM |Gener al 4G |OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA |360 |80 |LTE-Advanced update | | | | | | | |expected to offer peak| | | | | | | |rates of at least 1 | | | | | | | |Gbit/s fixed speeds | | | | | | | |and 100 Mbit/s to | | | | | | | |mobile users. | |WiMAX |802. 16e |Mobile Internet |MIMO-SOFDMA |144 |35 |WiMAX update IEEE | | | | | | | |802. 16m expected offer| | | | | | | |up to 1 Gbit/s fixed | | | | | | | |speeds. | |Flash-OFDM |Flash-OFDM |Mobile Internet |Flash-OFDM |5. 3 |1. |Mobile range 18miles | | | |mobility up to | |10. 6 |3. 6 |(30km) | | | |200mph (350km/h) | |15. 9 |5. 4 |extended range 34 | | | | | | | |miles (55km) | |HIPERMAN |HIPERMAN |Mobile Internet |OFDM |56. 9 |56. 9 | | |Wi-Fi |802. 11 |Mobile  Internet |OFDM/MIMO |288. |Antenna, RF front end | | |(11n) | | |(Supports 600Mbps @ 40MHz|enhancements and minor| | | | | |channel width) |protocol timer tweaks | | | | | | |have helped deploy | | | | | | |long range P2P | | | | | | |networks compromising | | | | | | |on radial coverage, | | | | | | |throughput and/or | | | | | | |spectra efficiency | | | | | | |(310km 382km). | |iBurst |802. 0 |Mobile  Internet |HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO |95 |36 |Cell Radius: 3–12 km | | | | | | | |Speed: 250kmph | | | | | | | |Spectral Efficiency: | | | | | | | |13 bits/s/Hz/cell | | | | | | | |Spectrum Reuse Factor:| | | | | | | |1 | |EDGE Evolution |GSM |Mobile  Internet |TDMA/FDD |1. 9 |0. 9 |3GPP Release 7 | |UMTS W-CDMA |UMTS/3GSM |General 3G |CDMA/FDD |0. 384 |0. 384 |HSDPA widely deployed. |HSDPA+HSUPA | | | |14. 4 |5. 76 |Typical downlink rates| |HSPA+ | | |CDMA/FDD/MIMO |56 |22 |today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 | | | | | | | |kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ | | | | | | | |downlink up to 56 | | | | | | | |Mbit/s. |UMTS-TDD |UMTS/3GSM |Mobile Internet |CDMA/TDD |16 |16 |Reported speeds | | | | | | | |according to | | | | | | | |IPWireless using 16QAM| | | | | | | |modulation similar to | | | | | | | |HSDPA+HSUPA | |1xRTT |CDMA2000 |Mobile phone |CDMA |0. 144 |0. 144 |Succeeded by EV-DO | |EV-D O  1x  Rev. 0 |CDMA2000 |Mobile Internet |CDMA/FDD |2. 45 |0. 15 |Rev B note: N is the | |EV-DO  1x  Rev. A | | | |3. 1 |1. 8 |number of 1. 25 MHz | |EV-DO  Rev. B | | | |4. 9xN |1. 8xN |chunks of spectrum | | | | | | | |used. | Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e. g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards. See also Comparison of mobile phone standards, Spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table. Future development The IEEE 802. 16m [1] standard is the core technology for the proposed WiMAX Release 2, which enables more efficient, faster, and more converged data communications. The IEEE 802. 16m standard has been submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced standardization. IEEE 802. 16m is one of the major candidates for IMT-Advanced technologies by ITU. Among many enhancements, IEEE 802. 6m systems can provide four times faster data speed than the current WiMAX Release 1 based on IEEE 802. 16e technology. WiMAX Release 2 will provide strong backward compatibility with Release 1 solutions. It will allow current WiMAX operators to migrate their Release 1 solutions to Release 2 by upgrading channel cards or software of their systems. Also, the subscribers who use currently available WiMAX devices can communicate with new WiMAX Release 2 systems without difficulty. It is anticipated that in a practical deployment, using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with only a single 20-MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802. 16m system can support both 120  Mbit/s downlink and 60  Mbit/s uplink per site simultaneously. It is expected that the WiMAX Release 2 will be available commercially in the 2011-2012 timeframe. Interference A field test conducted by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from the U. S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded results showing interference at 12  km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX systems and satellites in C-band. The WiMAX Forum has yet to respond. Deployments As example, Korea launched Wimax at 2nd quarter of 2006 and then launched HSPA one quarter after launched Wimax. At the end of 2008 there were 8. 4 million HSPA subscribers and 350,000 Wimax subscribers in Korea. Almost all of HSPA subscribers come from 2G and 3G users who have been tempted to upgrade to new devices by high subsidies, whereas Wimax subscribers almost all are newcomers. Deployment of Wimax is still limited (spotted), whereas there are well over 100 countries where HSPA networks are deployed, and even where there is no HSPA coverage there is backward compatibility (using HSPA devices) to pre-existing networks (GSM and WCDMA) with a roaming infrastructure already in place. As of April 2010, the WiMAX Forum claims there are over 558 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks deployed in over 147 countries. [30] Yota is the largest WiMAX network operator in the world[31] but has announced that it will move new network deployments to LTE and, subsequently, change its existing networks as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wimax Technology" essay for you Create order

Societal Breakdown On The Island - 1720 Words

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Existentialism (507 words) Essay Example For Students

Existentialism (507 words) Essay ExistentialismWhat is this absurd philosophical idea he is trying to teach seventeen year old ?AP? students? Does anyone actually know the meaning of this word and its relevance to the real world? Well, that is the idea, that those people who are ?existentialists? are the people who are on the borderline of normal. People who lead an existential life are often times in a realm of loneliness and despair on their own individual basis. The imperfections of man make the existentialist yearn for the answers to lifes troubles. These answers and problems shine through the music of Pink Floyd. In the song ?If? by Pink Floyd, the writer is in denial of his existence. He no longer depends on fate coming to his rescue and saving him from absolute despair. He uses the lines of pretending to be someone else to enhance the feeling that he no longer understands his own individuality. The writer does not have any self-confidence anymore; he has lost his sense of being through many years of trouble. He questions his existence and his place on earth through examples such as ?If I were a swan, Id be gone,? and ?If I were a good man.? The writer wishes that he was a different man, one who is well loved and with a purpose for living. The writer gives the impression that he cant find the strength to move on in life. This is very similar to the existential viewpoint of always questioning ones purpose here on earth. Why are we here and what are the principles that design our life?These questions are seen through song upon song of Pink Floyd. The writer continues to try to find meaning thr ough this song by developing the themes of life and death. The existentialist believes that the only one thing that is certain on this planet is that all living organisms will eventually die. The writer asks the reader ?If I go insane, / and they lock me away, / Will you still let me join in the game He is asking a more powerful source such as GOD if he still has a chance to a happy life even after his sins. He wants to continue with the ?game? of life but he has found loneliness and despair and doesnt know how to go on and make something of himself. This lonely man also feels that he is an individual, and when the time comes for his death, he doesnt want anybody or anything to interfere with his destiny. He wants to die without wires in his brain. By dying a natural death, he will be able to fulfill his true existential beliefs. Pink Floyd was a marvelous group with many tremendous songs and albums. They inspired many people to become true individuals by literally being themselves on stage. They truly possessed those existential beliefs that flourish throughout all their music, and they provoked people to take a second look at their lyrics and find a deeper meaning under the surface. Philosophy

Atomic Bomb Essays (3313 words) - Manhattan Project, Code Names

Atomic Bomb Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify Uranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. "The first successful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin"(Groueff 9) just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major General Wilhelm D. Styer called the Manhattan Project "the most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build an atomic bomb."(Groueff 5) It turned out to be the biggest development in warfare and science's biggest development this century. The mos t complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was "the production of ample amounts of 'enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction."(Outlaw 2) At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500 th of it ended up as Uranium metal. Of the Uranium metal, "the fissionable isotope of Uranium (Uranium- 235) is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139."(Szasz 15) Separating the one part Uranium-235 from the 139 parts Uranium-238 proved to be a challenge. "No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238."(2) Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem. A "massive enrichment laboratory/plant"(Outlaw 2) was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, his associates, and colleagues at Columbia University designed a system that "worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion."(2) After this proc ess was completed, "Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes."(2) Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. "In this manner uranium-235 was enriched from its normal 0.7% to weapons grade of more than 90%."(Grolier 5) This Uranium was then transported to "the Los Alamos, N. Mex., laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer."(Grolier 5) "Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion."(Outlaw 3) Once the purified Uranium reached New Mexico, it was made into the components of a gun-type atomic weapon. "Two pieces of U-235, individu ally not large enough to sustain a chain reaction, were brought together rapidly in a gun barrel to form a supercritical mass that exploded instantaneously."(Grolier 5) "It was originally nicknamed 'Thin Man'(after Roosevelt, but later renamed 'Little Boy' (for nobody) when technical changes shortened the proposed gun barrel."(Szasz 25) The scientists were so confident that the gun-type atomic bomb would work "no test was conducted, and it was first employed in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945."(Grolier 5) Before the Uranium-235 "Little Boy" bomb had been developed to the "point of seeming assured of success,"(Grolier 5) another bomb was proposed. The Uranium-238 that had been earlier ruled out as an option was being looked at. It could capture a free neutron without fissioning and become Uranium-239. "But the Uranium-239 thus produced is unstable (radioactive) and decays first to neptunium-239 and then to plutonium-239."(Grolier 5) This proved to be useful bec ause the newly created plutonium-239 is fissionable and it can "be separated from uranium by chemical techniques,"(6) which would be far simpler than the physical processes to separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. Once again the University of Chicago, under Enrico Fermi's direction built the first reactor. "This led to the construction of five large reactors at Hanford, Wash., where U-238 was irradiated with neutrons and transmuted into plutonium."(6) The plutonium was sent

Green Sea Turtle essays

Green Sea Turtle essays The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) is one of the many species of turtles that inhabits the vast oceans. The green turtle is named for the greenish color of its fat found under its shell. It is a large, heavy reptile, usually about 0.7-1.0 m in shell length and about 90-140 kg in weight. The maximum length and weight are about 1.2 m and 375 kg respectively. (1) The green turtles upper shell is smooth and wide, the animal is brown, but when the light from the sun hits it, the green color from the fat is visible. The green turtle is found in warm, coastal waters around the world. (2) Sea turtles, in adaptation to an aquatic life, have limbs modified into flippers for efficient swimming. It feeds mainly on marine grasses. Most female sea turtles leave the water only when it is breeding season because the female needs to dig a nest on the land and deposit her eggs. But an unusual characteristic of the green turtle is that it will often emerge onto land to enjoy the sun. (2) The green turtle is classified as follows: In this paper the classification and origin of the green turtle will be discussed further. Their diet, mating habits, offspring, senses, and their economic value will also be discussed. There are four characteristics that have played a role in discussion of the relationship and classification of turtles. The characteristics include the dermal armor, the acromion process on the scapula, the astragalus-calcaneum complex, and the hooked fifth metatarsal. (1) The dermal armor (shell) is the interlocking osteoderms that are found lying above the vertebral column and the ribs. The acromion process in the turtle is an extension medioventrally on the scapula. (1) This unique characteristic allows for different muscle attachments in the turtle and accounts for the awkward positioning of the frontal limbs for walking or swimming. The astragalus-calcaneum complex has to do with the fusion of these two junctions to ...

The crucible by arthur miller, John Proctor's diary Coursework

The crucible by arthur miller, John Proctor's diary - Coursework Example It is already night and that is when Reverend Hale came to my house. While Hale was investigating our role in the witchcraft, the court’s clerk named Cheever was at my doorstep. As soon as I saw him, I became nervous and feared that something wrong is about to happen to me. However, when he demanded to see Elizabeth, accusing her of being involved in the crime of witchcraft, my fear got heightened. I also become very concerned. I could not believe that even a simple doll would be used against Elizabeth. She got frightened and is drowned in tears. The plight of my children without their mother crossed my mind and made me more anxious and scared. I was guilt ridden as well. I felt that I could have talked about Abigail’s lies and her wrong intentions in the court earlier itself. I went back further down the memory lane and felt I could have surely avoided the affair with this questionable woman. But, I felt that I cannot be weakened by her arrest. Instead, as she gave me a goodbye and left the house, I had sworn to myself that I will protect her and will not allow anything bad happen to her. I reached the court to show to the world that Abigail is coming up with these false accusations against my wife due to her vengeance against me. I thought that if I could first prove to Governor Danforth that all accusations of witchcraft are false than half of our battle is won. At the same time, I understood that it is not an easy task to complete. I feared that the village people have already idealized these â€Å"afflicted† girls. Considering this challenge, I even brought Mary Warren to reveal the lies of those girls before the court. However, all these plans of mine were spoiled by the girls who started accusing Mary Warren of witchcraft. Aye, it is all lies. But, I was shocked and helpless when Mary also started accusing me of being a witch along with my wife. Hearing this accusation, I was so angry and at the same time felt hapless. I felt

Current event Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current event - Article Example In addition, there are also ipods, wine selection, and watches; the beauty with the scheme is that the reward can be exchanged for rewards of choices as given in the catalogue (Paterson, 2013). Moreover, the scheme is also divided in to three spheres; monthly, those that are given for the ‘star of the month’ at the level of the store, ‘star of the quarter’, for the regional level and ‘star of the year’ nationwide. Following the launch of the scheme, the reward manager at the Marks and Spencer Company, Darren McCabe confirmed that the company has reached the improvement in the reward to ensure that those with exceptional contribution are rewarded accordingly. With regard to the value of the scheme, the manager informed that they intend to raise the money through ‘charity challenge’ that envisage to raise about  £ 1 million within the first 100 days of the launch (BBC News, 2013). Paterson, J. (2010). "Marks and Spencer introduces schemes to enhance staff motivation." Employee Benefits Retrieved from

Strength of the Soviet Economy Essay Example for Free

Strength of the Soviet Economy Essay The Soviet Union played a major role in the allied victory in World War II. They stopped the Nazi advances and eventually pushed them back on the eastern front. The Russian people showed great resolve to triumph in spite of drastic errors in judgment by the Soviet leaders. Some of the poor decisions were made by Joseph Stalin. The first major mistake was that he believed that he could stall the Soviet Unions involvement in the war until 1942. Stalin also made an error in trying to take advantage of the war by launching an attack on Finland. The Second World War was also a test of the Soviet systems organizational power. The collective agenda allowed the Soviets to out produce German forces during the war. One factor highlighted as responsible for the Soviet victory in the Second World War is the strength of their economy after 1942. In August 1939 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression treaty called the Nazi-Soviet Pact with the Nazis. This pact was signed so that Stalin could keep the Soviet Union out of a war with Germany on the eastern front of Europe. Stalin believed that war with the Nazis was a foregone conclusion. The pact was signed in the hope of pushing this conflict off until 1942. This was not a wise decision. The Nazis had become so confident and powerful with their Blitzkrieg model of warfare that the Soviets would have been more prepared for battle in 1939 rather than 1941. Operation Barbarossa allowed this more formidable Nazi force to smash through the Soviet defences in both the north and south of Russia and the Ukraine. The strength of the Soviet economy and rapid reparation made after the catastrophic losses within 1941-1942 was a major factor. Soviet production was located in the west which meant once quick advancements were made by the Germans in Operation Barbarossa using the ‘Blitzkrieg’ model, this either meant that the Germans had access to Soviet resources or the Soviet military had to destroy from the Germans as to not allow them to gain further usage ‘scorched earth’. This left Stalin with a limited resources and little production methods. The removal and transportation of Soviet factories from the west to the east was a decisive factor leading to the USSR winning the war because it meant that the Russians could produce all material needed without any threat from the Germans as the land distance was so vast. It was described as the Soviet Union being tipped on its side towards Asia. Stalins plan was to help Soviet industry switch to wartime production and improve the military options the Soviet commanders had. A major factor that helped this was the Soviets adaptability and experience of industrialisation having experienced Stalin’s 5 year plan. This meant the Soviet people were a lot more efficient when contributing to the war economy. Stalin spoke in 1931 about the Soviet Union needing to advance fifty to one hundred years in the next ten years to catch up with the rest of the world. When Germany attacked in 1941 ten years had passed. The Soviets had improved the infrastructure of industry. However, major drawbacks were still in place. The major problem involved the distance between the 3,500 new factories and the front line of the battlefield. The factories were spread out across the Soviet Union. The majority of the factories were located in the south but stretched from Stalingrad in the west to Siberia in the east. During the early years of World War II Stalingrad was instructed by the centralized Communist Party in Leningrad. Stalingrad was chosen due to its proximity and access to the Volga River. The protection of production was also harnessed with resources to be able to produce for the war. This was achieved with the lend-lease agreement with the US. This was designed to supply the Soviet Union with resources to help produce machinery and improve communication links as the distance between the Russian cities and businesses became stretched. The supplies were imported using the Black Sea remaining a safe distance from German attack. As a result, the Soviet Union were able to out produce Germany. The Russians become more efficient creating tanks, ensuring they were all the same would mean fixing them would become easier and the time it would take to produce shortened. The USA’s involvement in World War 2 was due to the Japanese bombing of pearl harbour , although Germany were not obliged to go to war with the Japanese as they had not been declared war by the Americans, Hitler decided to give assistance. This only meant a larger power became a German enemy. A major mistake made by the Germans was the underestimation of Soviet force, once the initial advancements were made in Operation Barbarossa. Hitler and the wider population believed that it would only be time before the Soviets would have to succumb to defeat. One German general believed that Soviet military leaders were ‘less of a threat than the tsarist Russian generals’. However this was not the only power that misjudged the strength of USSR as American generals also expressed that the Soviets would only last within a timescale of a single month to 3 months. Another mistake made by Hitler was his persistence and control with the army. Hitler aimed to complete Operation Barbarossa before the winter, as this wasn’t completed he forced them to continue. The harsh soviet conditions made this impossible, The German soldiers were unprepared for the winter weather which lead to thousands of deaths by hyperthermia. Whereas, the Soviet troops having adapted to the harsh conditions were able to continue. An advantage this gave Stalin was the time to organise both military and civilians. The delay of German troops due to the lack of support with clothing and supplies left them stranded in the centre of vast land, unable to continue and low on morale as communication was near impossible. This gave Stalin time to reorganise, one way Stalin organised the military was to ensure that a constant supply of equipment and man power fed through. Though soldiers were trained to maintain efficiency meaning less Soviet soldiers were likely to die in combat. Another way Stalin organised his military was to make sure Vasilevsky and Zhukov regained dominance in airspace. This resulted in German efforts to conduct Blitzkrieg tactic useless. Stalin also abolished the strong influence the communist party had on the army to ensure the military stayed resistant. Stalin also ensured that the civilian population was wel l led to ensure maximum efficiency in the effort of war. Regular propaganda messages ensured that morale was kept at a high level. Films were regularly shown highlighting the evil Nazi party to ensure that the population stay in favour of German invasion. Propaganda was also less based upon the strength of the communist party during war and focused more on national unity and fighting spirit in the war effort. This was to keep the Soviet population loyal to the communist party. Another key method in boosting morale in Russia was the reintroduction of practiced religion. Religion was never banned but suffered severe harassment since 1917, closing churches and killing priests it became dangerous to practice religion. The restoration of Christianity brought the backing of Christians and an improved morale in Soviet Russia. Another group that played a valuable role in the soviet victory was partisan groups. They were men and women who fought within German territory and attacked German soldiers and destroyed German equipment. This was particularly effective as the cutting of communication wires made it difficult to convey messages over vast land and very difficult to repair due to the lack of supplies. Ultimately, I believe that the Soviet economy was crucial for Soviet victory in the Second World War as without a strong economy producing output would have left the Soviets defenceless against the Germans. However I also think that the leadership of the military and civilians in Russia was crucial in becoming more efficient and consequently a stronger power. Smaller factors such as the contribution of the Russian civilians in protecting Leningrad were also detrimental in achieving victory. There are several interpretations highlighted by the western civilisation on why the Soviet Union won the war, there has tended to feature Soviet heroism in standing up to the German invasion, but to regard the other positive factors as unnecessary. There is often a focus on Stalin’s mistakes in leadership especially early in the war. This contrasts with Soviet historians views that highlight the determined resistance of the soviet people and leadership. I also believe this soviet viewpoint that without the patriotism towards Soviet Russia creating the biggest impotence towards the Russian war effort.

Graduation Speech: The Quest for Wisdom :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

There is a distinct difference between knowledge and wisdom. I can tell you that as honor society president I have seen many smart people do stupid things. Let's just say that mixing a very large lunch with a bobbing ship and an admissions officer from the University of California equals a vomitous situation. Today, we are sitting here celebrating the fact that we spent four long years in high school matriculating, which means actually learning to use words like matriculation. But I am going to go out on a limb and say that while we have acquired all of this knowledge, we are still incredibly dumb, and I am not referring to WASL scores, I mean that we have not had the opportunity to apply our knowledge. Just as I was completely unaware of my propensity for sea sickness, many of us have not had the opportunity to grow wiser. The class of 2006 has advanced technology at its fingertips. However, we must remember that the Internet, television, and cell phones really are artificial intelligence, all they do is retain information. It is our job to apply it. Within the past year we have had many unfortunate reminders of the difference between knowledge and wisdom, now we are learning that certain bureaus within the federal government were aware of the possibility of a terrorist attacks, but clearly the appropriate proactive measures were not taken. You see knowledge: merely being aware of information is absolutely useless. Wisdom: knowing what to do with information is invaluable- in this case it meant the difference between discourse and recourse, and the loss of thousands of lives. So while we are accustomed to our artificial intelligence, it is time we become wise. More than ever it is important that we are wise about our rights. After Sept. 11 there was an immediate scramble to tighten security. Random searches of our persons, our vehicles and our homes suddenly become acceptable because of fear. The most common response to these encroachments is as one passive Washington state ferry rider put it: "why should i care? I have nothing to hide." We should care because unwarranted searches are a regression of everything we have built this nation to be. We know what our rights are, but what are we doing to protect them? In an effort to protect the U.S. our first step is to unravel many of the things we stand for.

Akamai Case Study Ecommerce

1. Why does akamai need to geographically disperse its servers to deliver its costumers' web content? Akamai allows its costumers to move their web-based products closer to their end users (local). Meaning that an Akamai website can deliver from 4 to 10 times faster as non-Akamai website, due to the 73. 000 servers around the world. 2. If you wanted to deliver software content over the Internet, would you sign up for Akamai’s service? Why or why not? Yes we would sign up for the Akamai service due to the following advantages * Reliability * Availability * Speed * Security Reporting tools with regards to problems or traffics * Scalability (the possibility of having many users and large files) 3. What advantages does an advertiser derive from using Akamai’s EdgeScape service? What kinds of products might benefit from this kind of service? The main advantage of this EdgeScape service is the tracking possibility of online shopping behaviour. This way an advertiser can pin p oint buyers based on geographic locations, and validate an end user’s location. 4. Why don’t major business firms distribute their videos using [email  protected] networks lie Bittorent?P2P means the sharing of files between users of the P2P service such as Bittorent or Bitlord. But this also means that all users are actually servers meaning that it is not easy to collect user data. Also major firms might want to use Akamai instead of P2P as it is more reliable, secure and stable. With the underlying infrastructure of the Internet major companies will most likely not benefit from p2p services. Due to the slow loading of websites companies will most likely chose for a web-streamed based content. These content are often saved on a local server and are most likely quicker distributed to their costumers. . Do you think Internet users should be charged based on the amount of bandwidth they consumer, or tiered plan where users would pay in rough proportion to their usage? No, we believe that the Internet must remain free without people paying for the use of bandwidth. When you are charging people for the use of bandwidth then many people will avoid certain websites that use up allot of bandwidth such as video streaming which uses up allot of bandwidth. It might even result in people avoiding the high use of the internet due to the costs, which is bad news for many online businesses.

Sara Soto American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 520 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Economic Reasons, self-determination, and grievances all took part in the cause of the American Revolution. The Americans were angry because the British forced Americans to pay taxes on goods. The Americans were tired of unfair treatment and laws so they decided to revolt to start their own country. Causes : The Reasons Why The Americans Revolted The American Revolution began due to colonists having no voice in Parliament, economic reasons involving trade,and unfair laws and treatment. Having no voice in Parliament was a cause that led to the American Revolution because the Americans had a lot of self-determination. This was important because the Americans wanted to have their own colonial governments and legislatures. Another one of the American Revolutions main causes was economic reason economic reasons involving trade. This helped lead to a revolution because colonists were required to buy and sell goods only with Britain. The last reason of the American Revolution was unfair laws and treatment because the Americans wanted to be treated fairly. This was important because the way the British were treating the Americans was harsh and uncalled for. In conclusion the American Revolution began due to colonists having no voice in Parliament, economic reasons involving trade, and unfair laws and treatment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sara Soto American Revolution" essay for you Create order Outcomes: Change for America The American Revolution changed the U.S by declaring to separate from Great Britain, having their own country,and having their own government. One of the American Revolutions main outcomes was separating from Great Britain. This meant that the U.S was going to be its own country. Due to the American Revolution the U.S became its own country. This was important because the U.S could have its own regulations now. The last outcome of the American Revolution was the U.S having their own government and laws. This was vital to the American Revolution because lots of Americans were very happy with having their own set of rules and being free from the British. The American Revolution led to fairness for the Americans and changed the U.S by being free and not controlled. A Popular Opinion I think the American Revolution was successful because the Americans now had freedom and rights unlike when they were with Britain. One reason that the American Revolution was successful is because the Americans had their own government.This shows that the revolution was successful because the Americans had to follow the British government and with their own government it shows that the Americans were independent. Another reason on why the American Revolution was successful is because the Americans also had now there own laws and rights. This was important because Americans did not have to oblige with the harsh rules of the British. The last reason on why the American Revolution was successful is because the Americans now had there own country. This was vital to the Americans because the Americans would consider themselves self-independent and self-determined.In conclusion the American Revolution was successful by believing in the values of the Americans which were self determination , self worth for making a government, and independent because they having their own laws.